Dec 5, 2017 | News
Guatemalan indigenous and peasant communities are finally finding a measure of justice and recovering lands and territories that had previously been seized by authorities or private economic actors, including during the internal armed conflict that took place from 1960 to 1996.
The ICJ learned of these encouraging developments at a workshop it held jointly with the UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR) at an International Workshop on strategic litigation in the defense of land and territory, in Guatemala City, between 9 and 10 November.
One of the successful stories, told by Don Pedro Herrera, a community leader from Tzalbal community, municipality of Nebaj, Department of Quiché (Northern Guatemala), concerns a favourable decision by a first instance judge in Nebaj, in August 2016, ordering the restitution of some 1485 hectares (33 caballerias in the old measurement system still in use in Central America) to the Tzalbal communities.
The decision is under appeal before Guatemala’s Constitutional Court, but the Workshop heard that it had already boosted morale and hope among members of local communities on prospects for restitution for violations of their land rights.
The 33 caballerias had been segregated from the rest of municipal and community land in around 1984, in the midst of the Guatemalan civil war and as part of the counter-insurgency plans drawn by the military rulers purportedly to create loyal villages in the frontline to combat insurgency.
Most members of the community at the time had fled their homes, fearing for their lives that were threatened by both the armed insurgency and State military forces.
The de facto local authorities were coerced into signing documents agreeing to the separation of the land, but much of the population had remained unconcerned with the operation.
However, in 2011 FONTIERRAS, the government land authority, revealed to the community that their land had in fact been registered as State property following the forced separation in 1984.
Since then, Tzalbal communities started to take concerted action to recover the lands that they considered to be lawfully theirs and were the places where they maintained their homes and livelihood.
Tzalbal communities have some 70 families with some 500 people of all ages. When they learned that the land they traditionally possessed was “legally” the property of the State of Guatemala, they approached the ICJ- to provide legal assistance.
An Amparo constitutional writ was filed on behalf of the Tzalbal communities requesting the court to protect the rights of property and due process under the Guatemalan Constitution and declare the entry of land property in favour of the State in the land register invalid.
In August 2016, the first instance judge ruled in favour of the communities and ordered the register to amend the entry into the land registry. However, the State representatives have appealed against the ruling and a public hearing on the case took place the first week of November 2017. A final decision on the case by the Constitutional Court is now awaited.
Land, territory and resources are crucial assets for the survival and well being of indigenous and other local communities in Guatemala and other countries. For indigenous peoples, there is also an inherent and special relationship with land and territory which many times acquires religious and cultural significance. At the Workshop on Strategic Litigation, several other groups explained how they carry on their fight for justice and in defense of their land and territory.
Several of those groups recognized the instrumental assistance from the Guatemala office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, which through its Maya Programme provides advice and support to local communities in their defense of land and territory.
One case under discussion, still underway, concerns the legal challenge to the Environmental Impact Assessment carried out by the Island Oil Company pursuant an oil exploration and exploitation contract with the government involving five municipalities of El Petén department. El Petén is the location of the largest biosphere reserve in Guatemala, where, curiously, human settlements are not allowed but some oil companies are authorized to carry out operations.
The legal battle has been led by Qeqchi, Mopan and Itza peoples and supported by the Maya Programme. An administrative remedy known as opposition was filed before MARN, the national authority for the preservation of the environment, alleging the violation of rights such as lack of consultation and consent from local communities. The administrative authority ruled in favour of the plaintiffs and ordered the exploration to stop until regulatory requirements are fully complied with.
Over time, the work of the ICJ and other groups, taken in coordination with the UN human rights office in Guatemala, has begun to show results.
More and more communities are taking concrete steps to legally challenge the actions or laws that cause or perpetuate their dispossession of their traditional land and territory.
Dec 5, 2017 | Artículos, Noticias
Las comunidades indígenas y campesinas guatemaltecas finalmente obtienen algo de justicia y recuperan tierras y territorios que anteriormente habían sido tomados por autoridades o actores económicos privados, incluso durante el conflicto armado interno que entre 1960 y 1996.
La CIJ pudo constatar estos desarrollos alentadores en un taller que organizó conjuntamente con la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH): Taller Internacional sobre litigios estratégicos en defensa de la tierra y el territorio, en la ciudad de Guatemala, entre 9 y 10 Noviembre 2017.
Una de las historias exitosas, contada por Don Pedro Herrera, un líder comunitario de la comunidad Tzalbal, municipio de Nebaj, departamento de Quiché (norte de Guatemala), se refiere a una decisión judicial favorable de un juez de primera instancia en Nebaj, de fecha Agosto de 2016, ordenando la restitución de unas 1485 hectáreas (33 caballerías en el antiguo sistema de medición aún en uso en América Central) a las comunidades de Tzalbal.
La decisión está en apelación ante el Tribunal Constitucional de Guatemala, pero en el Taller se dijo que ya había levantado la moral y esperanza entre los miembros de las comunidades locales sobre de la perspectivas de restitución de su tierra apropiada en violación de sus derechos a la tierra.
Las 33 caballerías fueron separadas del resto de las tierras municipales y comunitarias alrededor de 1984, en medio de la guerra civil guatemalteca y como parte de los planes de contra-insurgencia elaborados por los gobernantes militares, supuestamente para crear aldeas leales en la línea de frente de combate a la insurgencia armada.
La mayoría de los miembros de la comunidad en ese momento habían huido de sus hogares, temiendo por sus vidas que estaban amenazadas tanto por la insurgencia armada como por las fuerzas militares del Estado.
Las autoridades locales de facto fueron obligadas a firmar documentos que aceptaban la separación de la tierra, pero la mayor parte de la población no se preocupó por la operación.
Sin embargo, en el año 2011, FONTIERRAS, la autoridad de tierras del gobierno, reveló a la comunidad que las tierras habían sido registradas como propiedad del Estado luego de la separación forzada ocurrida en 1984.
Desde entonces, las comunidades de Tzalbal comenzaron a tomar medidas concertadas para recuperar las tierras que consideraban legítimamente suyas y son los lugares donde mantenían sus hogares y obtenían sus medios de subsistencia.
Las comunidades de Tzalbal tienen unas 70 familias con unas 500 personas de todas las edades. Cuando se enteraron de que la tierra que tradicionalmente poseían era “legalmente” propiedad del Estado de Guatemala, se acercaron a la CIJ para solicitar asistencia jurídica.
Se presentó un recurso constitucional de Amparo en nombre de las comunidades de Tzalbal solicitando al tribunal que proteja los derechos de propiedad y el debido proceso bajo la Constitución guatemalteca y declare inválida la inscripción de propiedad de la tierra a favor del Estado en el Registro de la Propiedad.
En Agosto de 2016, el juez de primera instancia se pronunció en favor de las comunidades y ordenó que el registro modificara la inscripción en el registro de la propiedad.
Sin embargo, los representantes del Estado han apelado contra el fallo y se llevó a cabo una audiencia pública sobre el caso la primera semana de Noviembre de 2017.
Ahora se espera una decisión final por parte del Tribunal Constitucional.
La tierra, el territorio y los recursos son activos cruciales para la supervivencia y el bienestar de las comunidades indígenas y otras comunidades locales en Guatemala y otros países.
Para los pueblos indígenas también existe una relación inherente y especial con la tierra y el territorio que muchas veces adquiere un significado religioso y cultural.
En el Taller sobre Litigios Estratégicos, varios otros grupos explicaron cómo continúan su lucha por la justicia y en defensa de su tierra y territorio.
Varios de esos grupos reconocieron la asistencia instrumental de la oficina en Guatemala del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, que a través de su Programa Maya brinda asesoramiento y apoyo a las comunidades locales en su defensa de la tierra y el territorio.
Un caso en discusión, todavía en curso, se refiere a la impugnación legal de la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental llevada a cabo por Island Oil Company en virtud de un contrato de exploración y explotación petrolera con el gobierno que involucra a cinco municipios del departamento de El Petén.
El Petén es la ubicación de la mayor reserva de la biosfera en Guatemala, donde, curiosamente, los asentamientos humanos no están permitidos pero algunas compañías petroleras están autorizadas para llevar a cabo operaciones.
La batalla legal ha sido liderada por los pueblos Qeqchi, Mopan e Itza y respaldada por el Programa Maya. Se presentó un recurso administrativo conocido como oposición ante el MARN, la autoridad nacional para la preservación del medio ambiente, alegando violaciones de derechos como la falta de consulta y consentimiento de las comunidades locales.
La autoridad administrativa falló a favor de los demandantes y ordenó que la exploración se detuviera hasta que se cumplieran los requisitos reglamentarios.
Con el tiempo, el trabajo de la CIJ y otros grupos, realizado en coordinación con la oficina de derechos humanos de la ONU en Guatemala, ha comenzado a mostrar resultados.
Cada vez más comunidades están tomando medidas concretas para desafiar legalmente las acciones o leyes que causan o perpetúan el despojo de sus tierras y territorios tradicionales.
Dec 5, 2017 | News
The ICJ, following a mission to Kazakhstan this week to assess the proposed draft law reforming the regulation of the legal profession, called for the postponement of the adoption of the law and more active participation of the legal profession in its development.
The ICJ stressed that any reform of the legal profession should strengthen the independence of lawyers to ensure that it is fully in line with international law and standards on the role of lawyers.
The independence of the legal profession is vital for lawyers to protect the human rights of their clients, including the right to a fair trial and access to justice.
The ICJ is concerned that the Draft Law changes the disciplinary system for lawyers from an independent procedure to one under significant influence of the executive.
In particular, the Draft Law provides for participation of representatives of the executive in disciplinary bodies.
The ICJ recalls that an independent disciplinary procedure is one of the pillars of an independent legal profession and should be guaranteed by law and in practice.
In line with the principle of an independent legal profession, the ICJ also believes that the provision in the Draft Law allowing for the creation of a “State Advokartura” should be removed.
One of the weaknesses of the current administration of the legal profession in Kazakhstan is that the qualification process for lawyers is not independent of the executive.
The ICJ stresses that the reform creates an opportunity to make the qualification procedure for lawyers fully independent, and administered by the Bar Association.
This would bring the current legislation in line with best international practices and with the principle of the independence of the legal profession.
The ICJ has noted that the Bar Association has not been sufficiently involved in the discussion of the reform of the profession. As a professional association of lawyers, the Bar Association should play a significant role the development of the legislation regulating its functioning and should ideally lead the discussion on the reform.
The ICJ believes that the adoption of the law should not be rushed and further discussion among all interested parties should take place before the Draft Law progresses further.
Reforms along the lines set out above would be consistent with Kazakhstan’s international obligations and commitments under, for instance, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers.
Background
On 4 and 5 December, the ICJ carried out a visit to Astana where a number of high-level meetings were held. The visit was prompted by the reform of the legal profession and the related draft law which has been submitted to the Parliament.
The ICJ is grateful to its delegates from different jurisdictions who agreed to join the ICJ mission:
Mr. Otmar Kury, President of the Hamburg Bar Association, Chairman of the Commission on Federal Lawyers Act of the German Federal Bar
Jeroen Browder, President of the Ethics Commission of the Bar Association of the Netherlands and former President of the Bar Association of the Netherlands
Georg Stawa, President of the European Commission for the Effectiveness of Justice (CEPEJ)
Christina Blacklaws, Vice President of the Law Society of England and Wales
Chika Muorah, International Policy Adviser of the Law Society of England and Wales
The ICJ expresses its gratitude to all who kindly agreed to meet with it. In particular, the Mission thanks the Minister of Justice of Kazakhstan, the Supreme Court, members of the Parliament, the President of the Republican Bar Association, the “Kazbar” NGO and all others who it met with.
Kazakhstan-News-Web stories-Independence of the judiciary-2017-ENG (full report, in English)
Kazakhstan-MissionLawyers-News-pressreleases-2017-RUS (full story in Russian, PDF)
Dec 4, 2017 | Новости, Статьи
Сегодня Международная комиссия юристов (МКЮ) начала двухдневную миссию по реформе юридической профессии в Казахстане.
Миссия МКЮ обсудит сравнительный опыт и международные стандарты в отношении роли и независимости адвокатов.
В миссию МКЮ будут входить представители ассоциаций адвокатов Германии, Нидерландов и Великобритании.
Эксперты получат возможность поделиться своими взглядами на реформу и обсудить свою собственную страновую практику о роли юристов и институциональных гарантиях независимости юридической профессии.
В Астане миссия МКЮ встретится, в частности, с министром юстиции, Верховным судом Казахстана, членами парламента, Казахстанской коллегией адвокатов и Национальным общественным объединением коммерческих юристов «Казахстанская ассоциация юристов» («КазБар») .
Контакт:
Темур Шакиров, старший юрисконсульт, МКЮ Европа, temur.shakirov(a)icj.org
Nov 30, 2017 | News
The ICJ addressed representatives of over 400 civil society organizations from all 14 states and regions of Myanmar at the MATA Forum held in the township of Pyin Oo Lwin, close to Mandalay.
Hosted from 28 to 30 November by the Myanmar Alliance for Transparency and Accountability (MATA), the Forum featured seminars and discussions on the ‘The Role of Civil Society Organizations related to Democracy, Federalism, Human Rights and Natural Resource Governance.’
MATA facilitated presentations and discussions by a range of actors on these topics – including by Sean Bain, an International Legal Adviser from the ICJ.
The ICJ’s presentation began with a reflection about key legal concepts, noting the differences between ‘rule by law’ and ‘rule of law’ as understood in the Myanmar context.
MATA members helped facilitate discussion on the application of law in Myanmar, and on key rule of law principles of democracy, human rights, accountability, transparency and justice.
Participants in the Forum were presented with an overview of Myanmar’s laws governing land and investment, assessed in relation to the State’s international legal obligations to respect and to protect human rights.
In particular, Myanmar ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in October 2017 and its obligations under this treaty will enter into force on 6 January 2018.
It was noted that many national laws – including a proposed new Land Acquisition Bill – fall short on fulfilling the State’s international human rights law obligations.
There was also discussion about how applying the principle of non-discrimination in law and practice is critical for Myanmar’s NLD-led government to meet its international obligations and fulfill its stated commitment to rule of law.
Historical examples were given of legal regimes in South Africa and Australia that legalized discriminatory practices of apartheid and the dehumanization of indigenous peoples. The law must no longer be used in Myanmar as a justification for discrimination.
The ICJ’s involvement in this Forum is part of ongoing engagement with civil society groups in Myanmar.
